In-Plane-Switching Technology

One item of LCD TV that manufacturers don’t usually make a big deal about happens to be the aspect of any display that seems to matter most is the panel technology. There are three general categories of panel technology:

1. TN – Twisted Nematic (cheaper to produce and biggest market share)
2. IPS – In Plane Switching
3. MVA / PVA – Multi-domain Vertical Alignment / Patterned Vertical Alignment

Opinions about which technology is actually best differ somewhat, but there’s no denying the fact that TN is substantially cheaper to produce whereas PVA and IPS are more expensive. Vast majority of LCD TVs (and monitors) today are once again using TN panels, largely because of the pricing advantage.

TN (Twisted Nematic) Panel Technology

TN (Twisted Nematic) panels are the most widely used panel type in the manufacture of LCD panels. TN panels are cheap and offer excellent response times. The response times of current TN panels range from 2ms to 5ms. However, color reproduction, viewing angles and contrast ratios of TN panels are the worst of any current LCD panel technology, particularly vertical viewing angles. Unlike most 8-bit IPS/VA based panels, TN is only 6-bit and unable to display the full 16.7 million colors available in 24-bit true color. Most TN panels are natively 6-bit panels that use dithering to approximate 8-bit color. Most people won’t notice the difference in color accuracy of TN panels. They can mimic the 16.7 million colors of 8-bit panels using a technique called dithering, but the results are unimpressive. TN panels dominate LCD TV market because they are very inexpensive and produce good enough display for most buyers.

IPS (In-Plane-Switching) Panel Technology – S-IPS/H-IPS

IPS (In Plane Switching) panels are generally considered the best overall LCD technology for image quality, color accuracy, good viewing angles, true 8-bit colors, but all this comes at a price. S-IPS (Super-IPS, Hitachi in 1998) panels offer the best viewing angles of any current LCD technology, with wide viewing angles up to 178 degrees. The response time of S-IPS is adequate, ranging from 6ms to 16ms. It responds time is only slightly slower than TN panels. Fast paced motion picture (sport game show) may suffer from motion blur or ghosting with S-IPS panels that have a response time higher than 8ms.

S-IPS panels can be identified by a slight purple hue on blacks when viewed from a wide angle. There are currently few manufacturers using S-IPS panels in comparison to the other panels types making choices limited and they often carry a premium price tag. H-IPS (Horizontal-IPS, NEC in 2007) is a newer variation of S-IPS with a different pixel structure that improves contrast ratios and lowers pixel pitch to provide better picture quality.

The famous LCD TV manufacturers based on IPS technology are LG-Philips, and IPS Alpha Technology (formed by Hitachi, Panasonic and Toshiba).

VA (Vertical Alignment) Panel Technology – MVA / PVA

VA (Vertical Alignment) technology such as S-PVA/MVA is middle of the road LCD panels. They offer better color reproduction and wider viewing angles than TN panels, but have slower response times. They are very similar to S-IPS on paper. They also offer large viewing angles and good color reproduction, though not as good as S-IPS. The response times are generally worse than TN or S-IPS panels.

PVA and IPS viewing angle comparison

VA panels have the advantage of higher contrast ratios compared to other panel types, which leads to better black levels. The biggest disadvantage of VA based panels is color shifting. Color shifting is when the image viewed from one angle changes or “shifts” when viewed from a slightly different angle, making various uneven brightness levels across the display. Color shifts also cause a loss of shadow detail in dark scenes when viewed directly from the center. VA panels are much easier to find compared to IPS because so many manufacturers use them. They offer better image quality than TN at lower price than IPS based panels.

MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment) was originally developed in 1998 by Fujitsu as a compromise between TN and IPS. It achieved fast pixel response, wide viewing angles and high contrast at the cost of brightness and color reproduction. Modern MVA panels can offer wide viewing angles (second only to S-IPS technology), good black depth, good color reproduction and depth, and fast response times.

PVA (patterned vertical alignment) and S-PVA (super patterned vertical alignment) offers similar features to MVA, but boasts very high contrast ratios such as 3000:1. S-PVA panels all use at least true 8-bit color electronics and do not use any color simulation methods. S-PVA panels offered by Eizo (at least newer ones) use even 10-bit color internally, which enables gamma and other corrections without banding. PVA and S-PVA can offer good black depth, wide viewing angles and S-PVA can offer additionally fast response times thanks to modern RTC technologies.

Famous LCD TV manufacturers using S-PVA panels for their LCD TV are Samsung and Sony.

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Comparison of progressive and interlace scanning

The advantages of progressive scan are:

• Higher vertical resolution than interlaced video with the same frame rate. The perceived vertical resolution of displayed video is traditionally adjusted using a Kell factor coefficient. This coefficient has no fixed value and depends on display device. Its value for interlaced video is usually lower than for progressive video, when the same display device is used. When interlaced video is compared to progressive video with the same number of scan lines, interlaced video delivers lower perceived vertical resolution at a lower frame rate.
• Absence of visual artifacts associated with interlaced video of the same line rate, such as interline twitter.
• No necessity in intentional blurring (sometimes referred to as anti-aliasing) of video to reduce interline twitter and eye strain. In the case of most media such as DVD movies and video games, the video is blurred during the authoring process itself to mask flicker artifacts when used on interlace displays. As a consequence, recovering the sharpness of the original video is impossible when the video is viewed progressively. An excellent, but rarely employed countermeasure to this is when display hardware and video games come equipped with options to blur the video at will, or to keep it at its original sharpness. This allows the viewer to achieve the desired image sharpness with both interlaced and progressive displays. An example of a video game with such a feature is Super Smash Bros. Melee, where a “Deflicker” option exists. Ideally it would be turned on when played on an interlaced display to reduce interline twitter, and off when played on a progressive display for maximum image clarity.
• Offers much better results for scaling to higher resolutions than equivalent interlaced video, such as up converting 480p to display on a 1080p HDTV. Scaling works well with full frames, therefore interlaced video must be deinterlaced before it is scaled. Deinterlacing can result in severe “combing” artifacts.
• Frames have no interlaced artifacts and can be used as still photos.

However, the only disadvantage of progressive scan is that it requires higher bandwidth than interlaced video that has the same frame size and vertical refresh rate.

Example of interlace scanning field

Interlaced scan refers to one of two common methods for “painting” a video image on an electronic display screen by scanning or displaying each line or row of pixels. This technique uses two fields to create a frame. One field contains all the odd lines in the image, the other contains all the even lines of the image. A PAL based television display, for example, scans 50 fields every second (25 odd and 25 even). The two sets of 25 fields work together to create a full frame every 1/25th of a second, resulting in a display of 25 frames per second.

The interlaced scan pattern in a CRT (cathode ray tube) display completes such a scan too, but only for every second line. This is carried out from the top left corner to the bottom right corner of a CRT display. This process is repeated again, only this time starting at the second row, in order to fill in those particular gaps left behind while performing the first progressive scan on alternate rows only.

Such scan of every second line is called interlacing. A field is an image that contains only half of the lines needed to make a complete picture. The afterglow of the phosphor of CRTs, in combination with the persistence of vision results in two fields being perceived as a continuous image which allows the viewing of full horizontal detail with half the bandwidth that would be required for a full progressive scan while maintaining the necessary CRT refresh rate to prevent flicker.

Interlace is a technique developed for improving the picture quality of a video signal primarily on CRT devices without consuming extra bandwidth (bandwidth is a cost, higher bandwidth require more data storage). Interlacing causes problems on certain display devices such as LCD TV. It was invented by RCA (Radio Corporation of America) engineer Randall C. Ballard in 1932, and first demonstrated in 1934, as cathode ray tube screens became brighter, increasing the level of flicker caused by progressive (sequential) scanning. It was ubiquitous in television until the 1970s, when the needs of computer monitors resulted in the reintroduction of progressive scan. Interlace is still used for most standard definition TVs, and the 1080i HDTV broadcast standard, but not for LCD, micromirror (DLP), or plasma displays; these displays do not use a raster scan to create an image, and so cannot benefit from interlacing: in practice, they have to be driven with a progressive scan signal. The deinterlacing circuitry to get progressive scan from a normal interlaced broadcast television signal can add to the cost of a television set using such displays. Currently, progressive displays dominate the HDTV market. Only CRTs can display interlaced video directly – other display technologies require some form of deinterlacing.

Broadly speaking, Progressive video will look better on an LCD TV because these panels are progressive in nature. Any Interlaced content is converted on the fly to Progressive (it ‘fakes’ a progressive picture, which never looks as good as a real progressive one).

1080p is the shorthand name for 1,080 lines of vertical resolution progressive scanning signal (1080 horizontal scan lines). The letter p acronym for progressive scan. 1080p can be referred to as Full HD (Full High Definition) to differentiate it from other HDTV video modes (example, HD Ready LCD TV). The term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9, implying a horizontal resolution of 1920 pixels. This creates a frame resolution of 1920×1080, or 2,073,600 pixels in total. The frame rate in Hertz can be either implied by the context or specified after the letter p, such as 1080p30, meaning 30 Hz.

Common Video Resolutions (1080 / 720 / 480)

1080p is sometimes referred to in marketing materials as “Complete High-Definition”. However, 2K/4K digital cinema technology is commercially available, and ultra-high definition video is in the research phase.

In addition to the meaning of 1080p as a display resolution, 1080p is also used to describe video equipment capabilities. Use of 1080p and the closely related 1080i labels in consumer products may refer to a range of capabilities. For example, video equipment that up-scales to 1080p takes lower resolution material and reformats it for a higher resolution display. The image that results is different from the display of original 1080p source material on a native 1080p capable display. Similarly, equipment capable of displaying both 720p and 1080i may in fact not have the capability to display 1080p or 1080i material at full resolution. It is common for this material to be downscaled to the native capability of the equipment. The term “native 1080p capable” is sometimes used to refer to equipment capable of rendering 1080p fully.

As a mature technology, liquid crystal display (LCD) currently has a cost advantage over other display technologies, and ABI stated that it will remain the primary display technology for the foreseeable future. However, although LCD displays have improved a lot over the years, the technology performance falls short in areas like power consumption and readability in bright light conditions.

“Of the challengers, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are among leading contenders because of the maturity of their development and their use in other devices, such as televisions, which will strengthen their supply chain,” said Kevin Burden, research director of ABI Research.

mirasol display prototype

Another contender is Qualcomm’s micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based “mirasol” display, which ABI stated is finding its first role in secondary screens found on clamshell handsets. Qualcomm plans to open a dedicated mirasol display factory in Taiwan in 2009, which will be another big step in ramping up its supply chain, the research company stated.

Finally, the “electronic paper” E-Ink technology that is found in Amazon’s Kindle device is also being targeted at the handset market. ABI stated that E-Ink is physically robust and has very low power consumption, but its inability to handle color and its low refresh rate may be a limiting factor to immediate appeal. However, there’s an opportunity for the technology to be used as a secondary display in phones.

According to ABI, the biggest limited factor for all of the display contenders is cost. They all cost more than LCD displays. Because of the “enormous volumes” in the mobile phone market, even a few cents can make a difference between adoption and rejection. Prices on the other display technologies should drop over time, ABI noted.

“It’s a long road ahead for these new display companies, but even a niche in the handset market could prove very profitable indeed,” Burden said.

Source: http://www.echannelline.com/usa/story.cfm?item=24176 by Chris Talbot

LG Display LCD Panel Factory - Paju, South Korea

The first thing to understand about such factories is they are huge. This particular facility currently has two panel factories: One is a “Gen 7″ factory capable of creating “motherglass” that is 1,950 by 2,250 mm, and the other is a “Gen 8″ factory, which can create glass that is 2,200 by 2,500 mm. The Gen 7 factory turns can turn its glass into eight 42-inch LCD TV panels or six 47-inch LCD TV panels; the Gen 8 factory can do 8 47-inch LCD TV panels, 6 55-inch LCD TV panels, or 18 32-inch LCD panels from each piece of mother-glass.

LG Display Gen 8 LCD Factory

Overview of LCD Panel and Mother-Glass

The current LCD process works by sandwiching liquid crystals between two pieces of large, specially treated sheets of mother glass. Huge machines take the first of these layers and build a “thin film transistor” layer on top of it. This transistor layer creates what is known as “active matrix LCD,” the kind used in notebooks, monitors, and TVs.

The other glass layer typically contains a color filter and a polarizing film. By detecting changes in voltage, the transistors control the amount of light being let through at any place in the display, and the liquid crystals let the light through for each of the sub-pixels: the red, green, and blue as defined on the color filter. This very complex process creates what is known as the LCD panel itself.

LG Display uses a technology called “In-Plane Switching” (or IPS, as per Panasonic LCD display technology – IPS), which aligns the liquid crystal cells in a horizontal direction, as opposed to “Vertical Alignment,” which some other makers use. LG believes this gives their displays a better viewing angle and says it consumes less power. But the panel is only part of a modern display. Another facility at the site takes the panels and turns them into LCD modules, which means adding various other layers, such as controllers to direct the TFT display, diffusers and prisms, light guides, and perhaps most obviously, the backlighting unit. The vast majority of TVs today use fluorescent backlighting, though LED backlighting is now common in notebook displays, and LED or edge-lighting is now entering the high-end TV market.

Automated LCD Panel Inspection Test

Once the module is created, it then typically gets sent to another site (and another company), which adds the tuner and other electronics and the case it needs to become a TV. At the Paju facility, the LCD panel factories are as tall as a 20-story building, though they only actually have 4 floors of manufacturing. That’s because the machines that move the glass and etch the lines that make the transistors are enormous.

The module building is smaller, about 6 stories tall–though actually a lot more people work in that building (as the panel process is so automated.) LG Display has about 7,800 workers at the plant; and the whole enterprise (including a nearly facility that makes chemicals and the glass) employs about 15,000 people. The facility even has a dormitory for 5,700 of the workers.

The facility is located in Paju, which is northwest of Seoul, within site of the DMZ. And the facility has space for three more panel factories, though the company has not yet announced any specific plans.

The facility has a showroom for showing off the company’s technology–from viewing angles of current TVs to the company’s 240-Hz panels (done by scanning the backlight) to technology for 3D TVs.

LG Display LCD TV Show Room with 240Hz TV

Samsung LED LCD TV

In recent years, Korean, Taiwanese, and Japanese makers of liquid-crystal display panels have fought hard to establish dominance in the key tech market. And for most of 2007 and 2008 there was plenty of business to go around. Today, though, the economic crisis is slashing demand for the panels, used in flat-panel TVs, computer monitors, and cell-phone screens. While that’s likely to hurt everyone in the battle, the Koreans expect the downturn to play out to their advantage. “This challenging period will give us a good opportunity to widen our lead,” says Lee Bang Soo, a vice-president at LG Display, the world’s second-largest LCD panel maker after its compatriot Samsung Electronics.The Koreans are already gaining. Manufacturing costs today exceed what producers can charge for the panels, so Taiwan’s four biggest makers have slashed output by half or more. AU Optronics (AUO), the leader in Taiwan and the global No. 3, saw its market share for panels bigger than 10 inches plunge to 11% in November, from 19.2% in January, while share for Taiwan’s Chi Mei Optoelectronics fell to 9%, from 12%, says market researcher DisplaySearch. Samsung, meanwhile, increased its share in the segment by 8.5 percentage points, to 32.5%, during the period, and LG jumped 3.1 points, to 23.5%.

One big advantage the Koreans enjoy is their strong ties with TV vendors. Samsung runs an LCD-panel joint venture with Japan’s Sony (SNE), giving it a direct pipeline to the world’s two hottest TV brands. Samsung and Sony together had 42% of the market for LCD TVs in the third quarter of 2008, DisplaySearch estimates. LG Display is the primary supplier for two of the three other top TV brands: its parent, LG Electronics, and Philips, which has a 13.7% stake in LG Display. (Japan’s Sharp, the remaining major player in LCD TVs, makes its own panels.) “Vertical integration with major set makers is vital for us,” says Samsung Vice-President Kwon Gye Hyun.

As a result, Taiwanese LCD-panel makers have been relegated to selling to smaller brands and playing a backup role for the bigger brands. That means their orders get canceled first when markets shrink. LCD TVs account for well over half of all LCD consumption and represent a rare area of potential growth in the consumer electronics industry in the near future. Researcher iSuppli forecasts the global LCD TV market will rise to $101 billion in 2012, from $61 billion in 2007.

While the Taiwanese acknowledge the Koreans are extending their lead, they say the battle is far from over. They’re counting on their relatively strong position in emerging markets and say they will continue to invest in initiatives that will make their operations more efficient. “AU is taking this opportunity to sharpen its core competence,” Andy Yang, a finance vice-president at AU Optronics, wrote in an e-mail. “In addition, our R&D [department] is actively continuing the development of new technologies.”

Still, the Taiwanese have to contend with a weak Korean currency that continues to help Samsung and LG. While Taiwan’s currency was nearly flat against the U.S. dollar in 2008, the Korean won plummeted almost 26% against the greenback, making Korean exports far cheaper. “If the Korean won stays weak, the Taiwanese won’t have any chance to win back their share,” reckons Henry Wang, general manager at Taipei-based researcher WitsView, which specializes in display devices.

A potentially bigger problem is a delay in investing in next-generation production technology. Samsung and LG are the only ones planning to launch new plants this year capable of churning out panels bigger than 52 inches, used for big-screen TVs. Taiwan Premier Liu Chao-shiuan said on Dec. 25 his government would help the island’s LCD industry weather the global recession. Yet analysts say any bailouts won’t allow troubled Taiwanese companies to build new plants costing at least $3 billion each. “They can’t afford to plan for anything else but their survival now,” says Lee Hak Moo, display analyst at brokerage Mirae Asset Securities in Seoul. “The Koreans are poised to increase their lead.”

Source: BusinessWeek

TV Stand for LCD TV or Plasma TV

When it comes time to choose the perfect TV stand for your living room or home theater, you may be surprised to learn how many different styles are on the market today. When choosing the right TV stand, first you must determine the size stand you need in order to safely accommodate your television. Aside from that, you are free to choose any style stand you see fit. You can choose to match the stand to your existing décor or make a statement with a bold style that becomes the focal point of the room. Below are some brief descriptions of a variety of TV stand styles that are available today.

Traditional style TV stands have an antique quality and bring an heir of style and sophistication to any room. Often constructed of hard wood and featuring ornate carvings and molds, traditional stands have tend to warm up a room and are usually offered in darker finishes like mahogany and cherry.

Contemporary TV stands are designed in the style of the latter half of the 20th century and present a more modern feel than their traditional counter parts. Contemporary stands can be made of either wood or metal and usually incorporate tempered glass doors or shelves. Contemporary TV stands are a less ornamental option that focuses more on simplicity and practicality.

Modern TV Stand with LCD TV-Hook

Taking the less ornamental style to the extreme is the simple TV stand. These stands are even less ornamental than contemporary stands and stress the importance of function over form. These stands are usually made of metal or hardwood veneers and offer a no frills approach to displaying your TV.

Lastly, rustic TV stands offer a country style alternative to more mainstream TV stands. Featuring a natural finish and distressed wood, this style of stand would thrive in a cabin or rural home. The distressed nature of the wood gives it a weathered and lived in feel that is warm and welcoming. This style of stand is also recommended for high traffic areas, as scratches and dings in the finish will only add to the unit’s character.

TV Stand with Tower-Set Best Suit Large Living Room

No matter what style you finally decide upon, be sure that the stand you choose is large enough to safely house your TV and components. Larger TVs obviously require larger stands and it is vital that you find a stand that is designed to hold the weight of your TV. Aside from that, you are given artistic license to pick a stand that you feel will best accent your living room, bedroom, or home theater. With so many styles, colors, and materials on the market today, you are guaranteed to find a TV stand to perfectly match your existing décor.

Related link: tvstands.com

Panasonic IPS-Alpha LCD Panel Technology

A quick overview of the panel technologies

Viewing angles on TN are substantially worse, particularly vertical viewing angles, and all TN LCD panels are natively 6-bit panels that use dithering to approximate 8-bit color. Most people won’t notice the difference in color accuracy, but imaging professionals would definitely prefer something better. The advantage of TN panels is that input lag is not a problem. Response times are usually lower on paper, but again it’s difficult to actually see the difference between a 2ms panel and a 6ms panel, especially when the display refreshes every 17ms (60 Hz refresh rate).

PVA and IPS are basically the exact opposite of TN: great viewing angles, very good color reproduction, and true 8-bit colors. However, pixel response times are a little lower (it’s not something that has ever bothered us). The big problem on the S-PVA panels are input lag, ranging from as low as 20ms up to nearly 50ms. However, S-IPS panels (example of S-IPS brand LCD TV is Panasonic Viera) don’t seem to have a problem with input lag.

Viewing Angle Comparison Chart Released By Sharp

A less common panel type is MVA, which in practice is similar to PVA but seems to perform better in regards to input lag. Color quality and other aspects are also good, but pricing and availability is a concern.

Frequently, the choice will come down to getting something larger with a cheaper TN panel versus getting a smaller LCD with a PVA/IPS panel. Even among the same panel technology, however, there are wide variations in quality. Most LCD panels are manufactured by one of only a few companies (Taiwan Chung Hwa Picture Tubes, Chi Mei Optoelectronics), but similar to processors these panels are “binned” based on quality. Bottom line, you get what you pay for! If you’re wondering why LCD A seems to have the same specifications as LCD B but costs significantly less, it’s very likely that the panel doesn’t meet the same quality standards. Color uniformity is one of the big differences between various LCD panels, with the best panels often ending up in displays that cost twice as much as LCDs that are otherwise equal in terms of specs.

Contrast Ratio Comparison Between LCD TV

Many LCD specifications are prone to inflation by the manufacturers or have become largely meaningless. Take contrast ratio for example. That’s the white level divided by the black level, and if you could actually get pure black on any LCD contrast ratio would be “infinity”. In practice, anything over 500:1 is sufficient, and 1000:1 is about the best you can see before the manufacturers start playing tricks. What sort of tricks? How about dynamic contrast ratio, where the backlight intensity changes according to the content currently being shown on the display.

Comparison of Contrast Ratio

Now you can take the maximum white level at maximum brightness and divide it by the minimum black level at minimum brightness, which results in substantially higher contrast ratios. Unfortunately, in practice the varying intensity of the backlight can be distracting to say the least, and color accuracy greatly suffers because of the constantly shifting brightness levels. Our advice: ignore dynamic contrast ratios, and if your display supports the feature we recommend disabling it.

Pixel response times are another area that has been inflated — or deflated in this case. We have looked at various LCDs boasting anywhere from a 2ms to 16ms response time; honestly, we would be hard-pressed to tell the difference between most of them. All of the comparison images we’ve captured show similar best/worst case scenarios for pixel response latency, with one or two afterimages present. A bigger problem these days is processing lag (aka “input lag”), which is the delay between the time a signal is sent to your LCD and the time the internal circuitry finishes processing it and actually shows it on the LCD panel. We have measured lag as high as 50ms, which makes gaming very frustrating and is even noticeable/irritating during general Windows usage.

LG Display - TrueMotion 480Hz

The scanning backlight from LG Display is a technology that enables a backlight to be repeatedly turned on and off to reduce motion blur. When combined with the company’s 240Hz technology, the display can refresh 480 images per second.

The display is claimed to have a 4ms response time, and uses a “scanning backlight” technology to leverage the company’s 240Hz Trumotion technology into an effective 480 images per second. Important details information like screen size and resolution not available at this moment. Due to no detail information, it might be kind of interpolation effects technology.
The Trumotion 480Hz LCD TV panel is to be launched in the second half of 2009.

Adamo By Dell

According to DigiTimes, Dell has recently placed orders for 3.5mm LCD panels from LG Display (LPL) and Samsung. It is believed that these ultra-thin 3.5mm LCD panels are for Dell’s new uber-notebook program called Adamo (ultra-thin notebook like Apple MacBook Air). The 13.x” LCD will sport a 16:10 aspect ratio and be targeted to the enterprise market, or the CEOs of those enterprises.

Dell has recently registered the trademarks of both “Adamo” and “Adamo by Dell”. It is no surprise that Samsung will continue to lead in LCD panels market, especially LCD monitor segment. Below is specifications for Adamo LCD panel (probable), source from LG Display, model – LP133WX2:

Display: 13.3″ 6-bit TFT LCD
Aspect Ratio: 16:10
Thickness: 3.5mm
Pixel Format: 1280 x 800
Number of Colors: 262,144 (6-bit)
Brightness: 275 cd/m2
Color Gamut: 45% NTSC
Number of Colors: 262,144
Contrast Ratio: 400:1
Viewing Angles: 90/50
Response Time: 16ms
Weight: 270g

Note: LCD panel for laptop/notebook using LVDS port interface to connect to motherboard / mainboard.